Utah Birds Records Committee
  
"Bylaws Proposals"
 Discussion
  

                                
UBRC Separate Sightings Procedures
Deadline: 20 Apr 2026
 

   

Discussion for the Separate Sightings Proposals:
          (latest comments first)

 

 
3 April  - by Jeff Cooper

I think we could forget having a time span between sightings and stick with something like this:

A separate record may be submitted for the same species at the same location when there is clear evidence that a subsequent observation does not involve the same individual or individuals previously documented. Such evidence should include discernible differences in plumage or identifiable markings to confirm and different sex, age, or increased count of individuals over what was originally documented in a previous record.
 


20 March  - by Milt Moody

I've been trying to find an alternative to Jeff's proposal that would be like keeping things the same as we've been doing.  (We have nothing about this in the bylaws at present).

David's comments on the importance of keeping track of the numbers of birds in each sighting, are valid and important, but that is being done pretty well with our blank for "number" in the submission form and on the Summary Page where subsequent sighting with new or a greater number of individuals observed, is noted in the information after the date of the sighting. (...if it is reported). 
     If we solicit new records for the committee using the three "reasonable evidence" points that Jeff's proposal mentions, if only one item needs to be valid, we may have a large number of records to review from what we've had in the past, when considering one sighting of a particular species.  (I can go with whatever we decided of course, but I think that reviewing each new individual for what used to be one sighting, would greatly increase our work load (which is not the main concern) but would inflate our number on sightings "needed" to remove a species from the Review List, as our guidelines suggest)..

Besides this addition to the bylaws it would be good to add  a couple of things that would be affected by either new definition of "Separate sightings", "  I'm working on a couple of those which you can find lower down in this email.
 
Jeff's proposal would likely  result in many more records being submitted at close-by locations and within a short time period than we've had to this point and if each additional sighting is also added to our sightings total for our Review List criteria this number would be skewed towards earlier removal.  Below would be as good as I can do for a proposal to keep the process more like we've been doing for the last 26 years.   (The other two bylaws changes would help to incorporate the Separate sightings standard into the bylaws. --comments on these changes would be helpful as well).
 

(Three proposals that are being voted on were included in the email)
 


19 March  - by David Wheeler

Hello all.

I really like Jeff's proposed language. [Begrudging bow to the AI Overlords...] (...and an entirely unbegrudging bow to Jeff for entering good search criteria into the AI.)

I would also suggest that both the number of sightings and the number of individuals are important to track.

At my Sugarhouse house, in thirty+ years, I've seen Pinyon jays twice. Both times there were quite a few individuals passing overhead. I've had crossbills swarming my neighborhood only a couple of times in that period as well, though in large numbers when they did. Not sure whether this was one hungry flock I saw over several days or a general valley invasion reminiscent of Bohemian waxwings.

Neither of those two examples represent review species, but they are certainly "rare" at my house (therefore analogous to a review species). Were one to average out individuals over the years, that rareness/unusualness would be entirely lost. I think it is important to know how many times a discrete flock/invasion shows up. (And I don't mean how many times it would show up on Ty or Charley Barney's listing day/hour). It is significant that there was only ONE Brambling or ONE Olive warbler rather than a flock of 100 each (although each showed up on a good number of lists). The number of individuals in an occurrence may imply different causalities. Was it just one individual with a brain parasite or a mutation in its migration genes? Or was it a freak storm that blew a whole flock off course? Or was it a drought/unusual lack of snow pushing individuals where they would not usually go, suggesting changing patterns because of climate change? Etc., etc.

Anyhow, good ideas have been floated around.


16 March  - by Vernon White

There is general agreement that new individual birds appearing near the same date and location of an existing sight record merit a separate sighting. Jeff proposed an insertion into the bylaws, and Milt has made some clarifications. As I see it there are two places in the bylaws where these changes could be made. The first, mentioned by Milt, is after section IV.B.1.f. Putting things together that change would look something like this (Jeff's text is red, Milt's is green, any insertion by me was in blue):
 

      The second place to consider this insertion is after section IV.A.1 where submissions are treated. That
      would look something like this:

 
Perhaps there is some opinion as to the best place to locate the change. Or maybe clarification. Any change would need a proposal by a Committee Member before it could be put to a vote.

Vernon


March 14  by Milt Moody'

The paragraph suggested by Jeff looks excellent and would fit perfectly in Section V.B.1 of the bylaws just below item V.B.1.a "Review List," which is the section the sets our guidelines of 20 sighting in 10 year for inclusion on the Review List. It should be coordinated with the section we've discussed before about the Secretary's duty to decide on whether a sight record is appropriate to be posted.

There are a couple of items I think we should decide on in Jeff's paragraph.
- evidence item (1): The e.g. with a specific number of days would be different for different species, and so I would prefer a statement something like this: (would vary by the characteristic behavior of the given species).
- evidence item (3) [we need to decide whether we're trying to count individuals or sighting of a species, for our "number of sightings" count. i would prefer something like: (3) The presence of different individuals following the submission of a previous sight record at that location.

It doesn't matter too much how we decide on these items (The committee decides whether a species should be on the Review List with the guidelines along with other factors that are inherent in the species involved (I think we have the Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (which has 23 sightings in the last 10 years) on the list because it's a tough ID and we want to make sure that we document the population in Utah. And the Vaux's Swift was removed for the list, but has only about 14 sighting in the last 20 years, but this species is difficult to see clearly and document with good photos and we are convinced that the actual abundance in Utah is greater than what we can document.

The problem I would see for having a set number of days between sightings and for reporting different individuals rather than considering sightings for the species, would be illustrated by the Yellow-bellied Sapsucker in the Payson Cemetery and the Mexican Duck along the Provo River near the Provo Delta. Both of these sightings have a lot of sight reports for 3 or 4 months with a few breaks here and there and a lot of them have excellent photos. It seems like it would be better to consider them as 1 sighting for our count, but if we want to review a extra records to see if they are new individuals, we can surely do that -- it would require more time and work for the committee. So would that be a worthwhile endeavor for us to spend time on? It would represent a change in what we've been doing to this point. It's good to discuss questions like this so we're in agreement with what we're doing.

Thank you to Jeff and to all who are considering these things that will "tune up" our committee functions and make it more consistent over time by recording what we decide in the bylaws.

Milt


 

March 13 by Jeff Cooper

Hello, friends. I drafted a paragraph and then asked Microsoft Copilot to wordsmith that draft so it matched the style of our Bylaws and considered practices for this situation from other State Records Committees. One of the criteria suggested was a gap in observations. Based on other state practices, it suggested 14-days, which was middle ground as some states say a week while others say 30 days. We, of course, can determine the gap period or leave it out entirely. Perhaps this will provide a good starting point for us. See text below:

A separate record may be submitted for the same species at the same location when there is reasonable evidence that a subsequent observation does not involve the same individual or individuals previously documented. Such evidence may include, but is not limited to: (1) a substantial gap in confirmed (eBird) observations (e.g. 14 or 30 days); (2) discernible differences in plumage or identifiable markings, age class, or sex; or (3) the presence of multiple individuals following submission of a record for a single bird.

One thing I've noticed is that some rare species reported to eBird gets tons of love/attention in initial weeks following the report and then the masses turn their attention to other rarities being reported. It's very possible that hangs around for a month or more before another record shows up in eBird.


Another consideration is how quickly rarities can turn over in migrant traps during the peak of migration. In cased like that, it is likely that multiple individuals were present over a period of a few days, but it would be difficult to determine the differences between individuals.

I know there are so many variables that come into play as noted by Milt and others. Hopefully, we get clarity rather than complexity with an update to the Bylaws, should that be our ultimate direction.

Jeff
 


March 13 - by Milt Moody

Thank you Jeff and Kris for your comments.

The main thing I would like to see is wording in the bylaws that lets us know what our policy is, so we'll be consistent over time..

In the past we've been counting sightings for what species was seen at a certain location on a certain date (and  keeping track of the continuing sightings and when they stop).  If we start looking for new individuals and requesting new records when it looks like a different individual shows up, that will be a new policy judging from my experience.  Also we've had concerns about nearby sightings being the same individual, which should also be a consideration, according to what we've been doing over the years.  (There's been no written rules for this, but we should have some general guidelines that will fit our needs).
 
Here are some examples of problems I've seen in this regard:
 
Zone-tailed Hawk at Lava Point, Kolob Canyon, etc.  (one pair might generate numerous individual sightings).

Blue-headed Vireo.  We had several sets of photos from the same day and one week later, that were probably the same individual, but because of different cameras, lighting and image stabilization, they looked quite different.  (especially the amount of yellow on the belly and the contrast between areas).  We get way more photos these days so we're able to check out lots of different photo on the eBird checklists.  Should we be checking these carefully to see if there are new individuals?

White-winged Crossbill.  We've had clusters of sightings in nearby areas, in Big Cottonwood Canyon (Brighton, Silver Lake, Gardsman Pass, and Redman CG - for 3 months, I think).  And in Little Cottowod Canyon ( Alta, Albion Basin, etc.)  I think we need some "guidance" to deal with this type of situation.

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.  The Payson Cemetery has been a know place to see a juvenile YBSA for years, which is the easy one to ID.  The sightings this year started on 8 Nov 2025 and were pretty consistent until at least 25 Feb 2026 (almost 4 months).  It was accepted by the committee on 3 Dec 2025.  If there's a juvenile YBSA present, it would not be surprising if there were other juveniles and a couple of adults (the average clutch size i\s 4-6 eggs).  If we were looking for photos in the large number of eBird sights we had on the list (we took off half of the sighting for January and most of them from February because the list was getting too long), we could probably find several the looked like they might be new individuals and maybe some that are obviously new ones.  Do we want to solicit records to find new individuals in the exact same area?  (This may skew our data).

Crested Caracara.  This is a little different example.  This looks like it's probably the same individual seen a great distance away and 8 months later than the first sighting.  It was see in Aug. 2024 at Ouray and the Apr. 2025 in the area around (and quite a distance) from Sheep Creek Road in Spanish Fork Canyon.  Whether this was the same individual or not, this sighting should be recorded.  We need something in our bylaws that will cover a lot of different situations for very different-behaving species.

Mexican Duck.  We have a huge number of great photos from the Provo Delta and Lower Provo River area. Do we want to examine all these photos to see if the are new individuals.  Will this help us determine whether we should keep it on the Review List or not?  (Even the 20 sightings over 10 years is just a guideline. We usually do what seems logical).

In trying to figure out a simple guideline for posting records, I've come up with these as examples of the circulation criteria:
(e.g., Is it on the Review Species Lists or would it be a new species for Utah; and would it represents a unique sighting for this species, considering date and location; or would it support a record for a sighting under review).
If we want to consider going by "new individuals"  we could substitute " ...for an individual of this species." into the above instead of "for this species," or something like that.  And we could add something at the end about "using reasonable judgement" in deciding whether or how to post the record.  (So that we cover all possible situations).  I've been the one receiving our records for about 26 years and have had to make the initial decision (or ask for advice), so I've had to consider these things.  Good guideline in the bylaws would certainly help.

 

 
11 March   - 'Kristin Purdy

 
Yes, definitely, subsequent birds identifiably different at the same location should be submitted as new records to the committee and we should consider each in turn as a unique record. It might not always be possible to do this, but given that the birds have been seen simultaneously and the first record wasn't for two individuals, an additional record is warranted.
 
Kris

 

10 March  by  Jeff Cooper
 
 
Thank you, Milt, for raising this. The current situation I am dealing with is a second individual Yellow-bellied Sapsucker that showed up at the Payson Cemetery. We know that it is a new individual because both have been observed at the same time and the latest individual shows less red plumage in the crown than the initial individual. Should that be treated as a new record since it is a unique individual, despite being in the same location as the bird that has already been vetted by the Committee? It seems to me that it should treat it as a separate record since it represents "one more" individual being observed (one more tick on the ledger of how many individuals have been observed over time. I'd love to hear what others think about this.
 
Regards,
Jeff
 


10 March
   by Milt Moody
Good morning,
 
Since the webmasters job has included receiving and posting sight records, I think it might be appropriate for me to bring up a possible addition to  the bylaws that might solidify a procedure we've followed in a general way about determining what is an individual sighting of a species.
 
We've had questions lately about the Yellow-bellied Sapsucker and Mexican Duck sightings, which have had almost continues reports over several months.  This might pertain to sighting like these.
 
The section of the bylaws the dealing with this at present is this (IV.B.1):
 

B. Circulation Procedures

           1.  Initial Receipt by Secretary. Upon receipt of a record, the Secretary shall do the following:

a   Determine if the record meets circulation criteria. (Is it on the Review Species Lists or would it be a new species for Utah)

b. If it is an appropriate sighting, follow the procedures below.

c.  If it is not on the list send letter to submitter thanking for the record and explain that it will not be voted on.

d. Give the record a unique number, consisting of the year of receipt (not the year of sighting) followed by a hyphen and the next unused number, starting with "01," for each calendar year.

e. Create a Summary Page for each record, to keep track of the subsequent sighting of the bird(s), links to other sight records submitted and to photos, recordings and other supporting documents including expert opinions, and a final summary of the results of the committee review.

f. The Secretary may split any record containing multiple sightings into two or more records if it appears that this will facilitate voting. The Committee may also, by the vote of a simple majority, split any record containing multiple sightings into two or more records. This action, whether instigated by the Secretary or the Committee, should take place before the end of the first round.

 
The committee has discussed different sightings over the years to consider whether a nearby sighting within a fairly short time period should be considered a separate sighting or not (mainly for our count of that species over a 10 year period).  It seems hard to determine a set distance over a set time, because each  species has a different  characteristic behavior, so it may come down to judgement with maybe a given general rule.
 
I'm looking for an addition to the examples given in B.1 above.  Something like (e.g., Is it on the Review Species Lists or would it be a new species for Utah; and would represents a unique sighting for this species, considering time and location, or a supporting record for a sighting under review).
 
The bold section added above is what I came up with, but there might be a better way to put it.  I'm looking for suggestions.  It think is would be helpful to have something written about this in the bylaws.